Construction glossary
How a pallet is put together.
Stringers, blocks, deck boards, chamfers and lead boards — the anatomy behind every type on this page.
Stringer Pallet
A pallet built on continuous longitudinal boards called stringers.
Stringers are the load-bearing beams (usually 2×4 lumber) that run the length of the pallet between the top and bottom deck boards. The standard GMA pallet uses three stringers spaced to allow forklift and pallet-jack entry. Stringer pallets are typically two-way entry unless notched for four-way access.
Block Pallet
A pallet supported by solid blocks instead of continuous stringers.
Block pallets use nine blocks (corners, mid-sides, and center) joined by top and bottom deck boards plus perimeter and internal stringer boards. This construction gives true four-way entry from all sides for forklifts and pallet jacks. EPAL and CHEP pooled pallets are the most common block designs in circulation.
Deck Board
The horizontal boards forming the top and bottom surfaces of a pallet.
Deck boards carry the unit load and distribute weight to the stringers or blocks. A standard GMA pallet has seven top deck boards and five bottom deck boards, typically 5/16 to 3/4 inch thick. Board spacing (deck coverage) affects how much small or bagged product can be supported without falling through.
Lead Board
The outermost deck board at each end of a pallet.
Lead boards (also called end boards or butt-end boards) take the most abuse from forklift tines and pallet-jack wheels during entry. Because they fail first, GMA #1 grade requires undamaged lead boards while lower grades tolerate cracks or splits here. Repairers often replace lead boards before any other component.
Chamfer
A beveled or angled cut on the bottom deck board edge.
A chamfer is a shallow bevel milled along the leading edge of bottom deck boards to help pallet-jack wheels roll up onto the pallet without catching. It reduces board splintering and eases entry on automated or high-throughput lines. Chamfered bottom boards are common on premium and pooled pallets.
Notch
A cutout in a stringer that creates fork access on all four sides.
Notches (also called fork openings) are semicircular or rectangular cuts on the two outer stringers of a stringer pallet. They allow a forklift to enter from the notched sides, converting a two-way pallet into a partial four-way (fork-only) design. The intact wood above and below the notch keeps the stringer strong enough to carry the load.
Skid
A pallet with only a top deck and no bottom boards.
A skid has runners or stringers under a single top deck but no bottom deck, making it lighter and easier to drag or stack tightly. Skids predate modern pallets and are still used for heavy machinery, drums, and permanent equipment bases. Without bottom boards they offer less floor stability and are not ideal for pallet-jack use.
Cross-Brace
A diagonal or perpendicular member added to stiffen a pallet.
A cross-brace is an extra board fastened across stringers or blocks to reduce racking flex and improve load stability. It is used on custom and heavy-duty pallets carrying concentrated or unbalanced weight. Bracing raises the racking load rating without a full redesign of the deck.
Runner
A lengthwise support board on the underside of a skid or pallet.
Runners are the bottom rails on a skid or block pallet that contact the floor and spread the load. On block pallets, bottom runners tie the nine blocks together and provide a smooth surface for pallet-jack wheels. Continuous runners also protect the floor and ease dragging of heavy skids.